Further studies characterizing the tumor microenvironment are needed to maximize the antitumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors [113] and to develop new technologies to antagonize exosomal PDL1 in immunotherapy-resistant tumors of the lung [114], breast [115], stomach [116] and head and neck [117], as well as in noncancerous conditions such as periodontitis [118]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.