DUSP1 and helminthiasis: We previously showed that miRNAs from H. bakeri EVs could be transmitted into host cells via EVs and used a reporter assay to demonstrate the synthetic nematode miRNAs can directly bind to, and suppress, host genes including the phosphatase Dusp1 (Buck et al., 2014) which is associated with cytokine regulation in helminth infection (Klotz et al., 2011).