In a subset of Gambian patients where retrospective follow-up data was available, there was significantly shorter survival in HCC patients with serum ULBP1 >2000 pg/ml at the time of presentation (median survival 26 vs. 74 days, p = 0.0029, hazard ratio (HR) 2.37, Figure 3A). This evidence concerns the gene ULBP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.