Despite the promising evidence from pre-clinical studies, in human clinical trials the administration of nivolumab (anti-PD-L1) in patients with renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer or metastatic melanoma with PD-L1-negative tumors was associated with reduced clinical response (NCT00730639; clinicaltrials.gov) (143, 144). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.