Taking together the information above, it is tempting to speculate that ROS produced via D-galactose accumulation may streamline through the same downstream effectors of ROS, such as transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, as well as the impairment of VEGF signaling, and hence further enhance the negative impact on collagen degradation and skin aging. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and skin aging.