For example, PPARD, a biomarker with the largest risk coefficient in our study, has been widely studied in various cancers, with comprehensive oncogenic functions to promote tumourigenesis, proliferation and metastasis.37, –39 S100A2 induces metastasis in NSCLC and was reported as a prognostic marker for patients with stage I NSCLC.40,41 KDM6A, a histone demethylase, served as a protective biomarker in our study. Here, PPARD is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.