For example, the direct effect of testosterone on pDCs and IFNα production in combination with testosterone-driven myelopoiesis may directly affect MDSC and M2 skewing, while direct binding to the Foxp3 promoter may regulate Tregs and downregulation of BAFF may affect Breg levels and functions in SLE patients and lupus models exhibiting elevated IFNα levels (see Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF13B and systemic lupus erythematosus.