Smoking did not alter the glycosylated fibronectin levels statistically significantly between the control and GDM groups: the levels for smokers in these groups were 379.3 μg/mL (IQR 263.8–391.0) and 366.4 μg/mL (IQR 293.0–407.6), respectively, and for the non-smokers in the same control and GDM groups, 467.5 μg/mL (IQR 390.2–594.0) and 483.6 μg/mL (IQR 266.9–563.0), respectively (Fig. 3b). This evidence concerns the gene FN1 and gestational diabetes.