In conclusion, utilising the rodent model of OSA that verifiably replicates arousals and hypoxaemia in patients with OSA18 and visualising in vivo TLR2-activation, we were able to demonstrate early activation of microglia in regions of basal forebrain, with later widespread frontal projections, suggesting a pivotal role for TLR2 in brain’s response to OSA injury. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.