COVID-19-specific cluster 3 genes were enriched by TNF/IL-1β-responsive genes whereas influenza-specific cluster 2 genes were enriched by IFN-I-responsive genes in addition to TNF/IL-1β-responsive genes (Fig. 4C), indicating that the IFN-I response is dominant in influenza compared to COVID-19. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is influenza.