The endosomal receptor TLR3, found not only in immune but also various non-immune cells such as the β-cell, is one of the signaling complexes implicated in viral-mediated β-cell death, is highly expressed in the pancreas of patients with T1D [112] and is found enhanced in human islets by IFN exposure [113]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.