PTGS2 and cancer: A potential strategy to circumvent these challenges is to discover new uses for compounds with an established track record of safe and long-term use in humans, alone or in combination with already known cancer prevention agents, such as widely used cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, whose anti-neoplastic effects are mediated through the inhibition of angiogenesis via decreasing COX-2-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production [11] and apoptosis via altered caspase signaling [12,13].