CD4 and tuberculosis: In their narrative review, Huaman et al. summarized hypothesized biological mechanisms of CVD in people infected by TB as follows: direct effects on the myocardium or coronary arteries; pro-inflammatory cytokine expression; immune activation via macrophages and monocytes or CD4+, TH1 and TH7 cells; and auto-immune mediation through mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 antibodies [12].