VEGFA and neoplasm: These studies reported two main aspects of dysfunction regarding immune microenvironment: firstly, immune cell-derived growth factors promote tumor growth, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF); secondly, immunosuppressive effector molecules mediate immune escape of tumor cells, for example, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) [4–6].