Some of these axis 1 genes showed higher expression values among DA + AA tumors (ETNPPL, DPP10, SH3GL2, GABRG2, SPX) while others were found to be overexpressed in GBM vs both DA + AA (e.g. IGFBP3, IGF2BP3, SHOX2, VEGFA). Here, SHOX2 is linked to glioblastoma.