In summary, this study identifies Ac-eEF1A1 as a critical negative regulator of the remyelination process and shows that theophylline, by activating HDAC2, promotes eEF1A1 deacetylation, increases Sox10 levels and activity and remyelination speed and efficiency after lesion of the PNS and CNS, thus appearing as a very promising compound to test in future translational studies to accelerate and promote remyelination after traumatic lesions or in the context of demyelinating disorders. This evidence concerns the gene EEF1A1 and demyelinating disease.