The top ten activated upstream regulator networks (CST5, IFNG, IFNL1, IFNA2, SPI1, RNY3, PRL, TGM2, miR-122 and miR-122-5p) in lung tissue derived from COVID-19 patient based on transcriptome and IPA analyses, revealed the enrichment of functions related to immune system associated JAK-STAT cascade, type 1 interferon receptor binding, cytokine receptor binding, and MHC 1 biosynthesis (Figure 6a and Supplementary Table S10). Here, CST5 is linked to COVID-19.