The network combined differentially expressed potential upstream regulators (18, including 14 activated (orange; EIF2AK2, IFNA2, IFNG, IFNL1, Interferon α, IRF9, JAK, PAF1, PRL, RNY3, SGPL1, SPI1, STAT1 and TGM2), four inhibited (blue; BTK, MAPK1, IL1R1 and USP10)) and 18 mediator genes (including 17 increased and 1 decreased) in the middle of the hierarchy, which are involved in the inhibition of 5 major downstream effector functions such as viral infection and replication, and infection of epithelial cells. Here, PAF1 is linked to infection.