However, since T2D is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, part of which are ameliorated by DPP-4 inhibitors [18], it remains unclear whether DPP-4 inhibitors could have anti-atherosclerotic properties directly by blocking the harmful effects of hyperglycemia or indirectly by ameliorating these comorbidities. Here, DPP4 is linked to metabolic syndrome.