Through this review, we hope that organic chemists and medicinal chemists will share their interests and efforts with neurotrophin-mimicking small molecules, which are expected to not only play a critical role in chemical control over each step in the neural circuit life model (neurogenesis, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, death), as proposed in Fig. 1, but also make a positive contribution to protecting cognitive impairment in a superaged society. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and Cognitive impairment.