Within these schwannomas, the authors demonstrated not only prominent infiltration of arginase-1 expressing M2-type macrophages but also increased expression of numerous cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α within tumor lysates.20 The above-cited studies, however, focus on schwannoma formation in peripheral nerves and as such the applicability of these injury models to VS formation is currently unclear. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is neoplasm.