CD68 and neoplasm: Recent ex vivo and in vivo evidence has suggested that TAMs may play a key role in the progression and growth of VS.18,19,31 In 2 histological studies, de Vries et al.18,31 examined the expression of the macrophage markers CD68 and CD163 in VS tissue and demonstrated not only a positive relationship with tumor growth but also a positive correlation between tissue microvessel density and CD163+ expression, in keeping with the capacity of CD163+ M2 macrophages to induce angiogenesis.