ACTA1 and neoplasm: CAFs induce the tumour macrophage polarisation towards the M2 phenotype, also known as tumour-activated macrophages (TAM),3 major orchestrators of cancer-related inflammation.8 This process is driven mainly by interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is highly expressed by CAFs.9 The key signature of CAFs is the overexpression of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a contractile stress fibre also expressed by myofibroblasts during wound healing.10