The data showed that all six samples were positive for ACTA2, S100A4, PDGFRA, FAP, IL-6 and P4HA1. This confirms that the cells are activated fibroblasts, especially based on the high expression of S100A4, PDGFRA and IL-6 in all samples.26–28 Gene expression levels were compared between the samples and HDFs and also between the different tumour fibroblast populations, which showed varying levels of expression. This evidence concerns the gene P4HA1 and neoplasm.