Pre-clinical PCa models, such as TRAMP-C2 allografts, have demonstrated barriers to generating anti-tumour immune responses, including poor CD8+ T-cell infiltrates, and high intra-tumoural proportions of immunosuppressive myeloid cells such as TAMs and MDSCs.53 We observed poor infiltration of CD8+ T-cells in TRAMP-C1, with TAMs and MDSCs comprising the majority of CD45+ cells. This evidence concerns the gene PTPRC and posterior cortical atrophy.