Tumour-derived CCL2 mediates RT resistance in pre-clinical pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through recruitment of TAMs and MDSCs, supporting cancer cell proliferation and neovascularisation post-RT.56 Approaches to mitigate immunosuppressive TIME effects of RT-induced TAMs by blocking CCL2-CCR2, or depleting these cells using concomitant anti-CSF with RT, may be necessary in PCa to derive benefit from iRT.57 Here, CCL2 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.