TNF and Increased total leukocyte count: Cytokines secreted by tumors, such as Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), G-CSF and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) contribute to leukocytosis and neutrophilia23,24.These cytokines are closely related to inflammation and are now considered to be the key ingredients to tumor development25.