TNF and HIV infectious disease: As shown, most chemokines had the tendency to be associated with HIV infection, where elevated plasma concentration of 12 were significantly associated with HIV status in SAM children (Fig. 1B), namely: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP1b, CCL4), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), interleukin 1 beta (IL1b), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukins 2,5,7, 8 and 15 (IL2 , 5, 7, 8, 15), interleukin 12 subunit beta (IL12p40), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA).