SPP1 and cancer: In conclusion, the present study identified six genes (COL1A1, IGF1, COL5A1, CXCL12, PTEN, and SPP1) with crucial role in tumorigenesis and progression in EC; our results suggested these genes could add a new dimension to our understanding of the EC and might be served as potential biomarkers that will be assisting cancer biologists and clinical oncologists in developing novel therapeutic strategies for EC patients.