Research was mainly focused on the presence of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins in the blood of DMD patients.7, 8, 9 A series of potential biomarkers were reported in both DMD patients and DMD animal models, including mdx mice, dystrophin/utrophin double-knockout (dKO) mice, golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD), and canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMDJ) dogs.10 This evidence concerns the gene DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.