TNF and asthma: Here, we have analyzed the levels of cytokines such as IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-1β (Figure 4) and growth factors such as HGF, VEGF, and CSF2 or GM-CSF along with the estimation of serum S1P concentration in asthma patients compared with the healthy controls (Figure 5).