Besides activating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, recent studies also have demonstrated that HMGB1 regulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation in ALI models (9, 10, 13, 14). Here, AKT1 is linked to myocardial ischemia.