Therefore, infection with Plasmodium spp. drives generation of a large population of IFN-γ+IL-21+ hybrid Th1/Tfh effector cells, which peak in the first week, as well as GC Tfh that are more stably represented, but very few IFN-γ+ Th1-like cells without Tfh markers. The gene discussed is NELFCD; the disease is infection.