WIPF1 and lung cancer: These results indicated that WIP is a downstream target of PD-L1.To further determine whether PD-L1 promoted cell proliferation through WIP in lung cancer cells, As expected, PD-L1 overexpression significantly reversed the WIP knockdown-mediated inhibitions of cell proliferation and colony formation (Fig. 5d, e), indicating that PD-L1 promoted lung cell growth partially via WIP signaling.