Furthermore, consistent with findings of an activated Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) response in mammals, transcriptional gene targets of the homologous NF-κB-mediated Toll and Immune-deficiency (Imd) signaling pathways are rapidly and persistently activated following TBI in multiple fly models (Katzenberger et al. 2013, 2015a, 2015b 2016; Barekat et al. 2016; Ratliff et al. 2016; Sen et al. 2017; Shah et al. 2019). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.