The alternative IKKs have also been linked to autophagy, with IKKε as positive regulator in breast cancer cells, thus supporting their proliferation [45], and TBK1 as a contributor to the maturation of autophagosomes and the phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor protein p62 [46], which is overexpressed in several human tumors. This evidence concerns the gene TBK1 and breast carcinoma.