In hepatocellular carcinomas [47], in HPV-associated tonsil squamous cell carcinomas [48], and in gastric adenocarcinoma [38], the infiltration rates of CD163-positive cells were significantly higher in tumors that expressed PD-L1, suggesting that M2 macrophage infiltration could be used as a predictive marker for PD-L1 expression. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and medical procedure.