Oxidative stress plays a significant role in promoting interleukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression, which lead to the recruitment of monocytes and macrophage in PVAT and the pathology of obesity-induced vascular diseases [49,50,51]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.