TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity may cause inflammation in WAT-like PVAT, characterized by the infiltration of macrophage and dendritic cells with the high expression of inflammatory adipokines and cytokines, including leptin, MCP-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [59], and IL-6 [60], while the expression of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin is reduced in obese PVAT [61].