PDCD1 and metastatic melanoma: While the combination of IDO inhibition and blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has a strong rationale, as these immune checkpoints inhibit immune response via complementary mechanisms, the ECHO-301/Keynote-252 trial failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit of adding the IDO inhibitor epacadostat to the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma [57].