However, none of the genes used for alternate normalization (TBP, RHOA, PA2G4, EPCAM) outperformed KLK3. In fact, there was only a trend for decreased KLK3 in CaP compared to BPH when normalized to EPCAM (p = 0.083) and a trend for increased PCA3 in CaP when normalized to PA2G4 (p = 0.095) in the relevant subset of patients (Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene PCA3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.