PTEN has also been shown to modulate β-catenin nuclear localization and transcriptional activity through caveolin-1 (CAV1)-dependent dissociation of β-catenin from E-cadherin at the membrane independently of PI3K-AKT-GSK3β signaling, leading to increased tumor formation and metastatic progression in melanoma [339]. Here, PTEN is linked to neoplasm.