INS and Hyperglycemia: Flodström et al. observed in transgenic NOD mice expressing the suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) (a negative regulator of IFN signaling in insulin secreted cells) that coxsackievirus-B4 infection can induce an acute form of autoimmune diabetes including early and severe hyperglycemia and insulitis with loss of insulin beta cells [115].