Important roles for EVs have been implicated in oral mucosa and wound healing [97], intestinal inflammation and repair [98], host–pathogen interactions in intestinal infections [99], including via PAD-mediated pathways [69], and in intestinal mucosal immunity [100], as well as in airway tissue, lung disease and in allergic response [101,102,103,104]. Here, PADI4 is linked to lung disorder.