Among these genes, six (UNC5D, PREX1, HECW1, DACH1, GPC5, and CTNND2) related to oncogenesis according to previous literature [18–22] were selected as candidate driver genes for targeted sequencing in a validation group of samples from 88 NSCLC patients along with 21 genes with mutation rates that were higher than in the COSMIC database and are known driver genes of lung cancer (seven of which were included in the list of 152 genes) (Supplementary Figure 1). Here, GPC5 is linked to lung carcinoma.