MSTN and Hyperammonemia: Pro‐inflammatory mediators such as TNF‐α, but also hyperammonemia, activate nuclear factor ‘kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer’ of activated B cells (NF‐κB) signalling and induce, in part mediated by myostatin, downstream target genes including MuRF‐1 and atrogin‐1 (MAFbx) that promote muscle protein degradation through the proteasomal pathway.53, 54