TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Although autophagy generally serves as a protective mechanism in CCl4‐induced ALI in vitro and in vivo, Dai et al argued that chloroquine pre‐treatment attenuated the secretion of high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)–mediated inflammatory factors such as IL‐6 and TNF‐α and inhibited autophagy to attenuate CCl4‐induced ALI.