Another study indicated that the caspase‐9 inhibitor z‐LEHD‐FMK aggravated CCl4‐induced ALI in HepG2 cells, AML12 cells and mouse models via down‐regulation of cytoprotective autophagy, while up‐regulation of HIF‐1α resulted in oxidative stress and TLR4/NF‐κB–mediated inflammation.66 This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome.