Under anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and PHA stimulation, the proliferative abilities of T cells were similar between the three groups, women with GDM (p = 0.035 and p = 0.04), insulin-treated T2D pregnant women (p = 0.028 and p = 0.012), and pregnant control women (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001), as compared to unstimulated cells (Figure 4). Here, CD28 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.