PTGS2 and cancer: Nuclear β-catenin thus drives expression of proteins such as c-Myc, cyclin-D1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and survivin (45, 74, 77), which are primarily related to proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and metastasis, as well as other proteins such as monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT-1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK1), which are associated to cancer energetics (42, 43).