These micro-RNAs normally inhibit the TLR signaling intermediates TIRAP (mir-145) and TRAF6 (mir-146a), and knockdown of these miRs or enforced expression of TRAF6 in mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells recapitulates some of the features of human del(5q) MDS including elevated serum IL-6 levels, megakaryocytic dysplasia, and progression to marrow failure or acute myeloid leukemia (71). The gene discussed is TRAF6; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.