Thus, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), two characteristic biomarkers of alternative non-inflammatory microglial activation (Liu et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2017), have been reported to co-exist with pro-inflammatory cytokines in HD plasma and post-mortem brain tissue (Battaglia et al., 2011; Di Pardo et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2015). Here, VEGFA is linked to Huntington disease.