MTOR and lung carcinoma: In another study, galectin-3 was reported to activate MAPK signaling, which plays a key role in the progression of cancers, including HCC.32,33 Conversely, MAPK signaling has been reported to be upstream of mTOR in lung cancer cells.34 Taken together, these reports suggest that M2BPGi-induced galectin-3 enhances mTOR signaling through MAPK signaling.