CXCL1 and infection: Most of the genes for cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors were differentially upregulated by infection with UT176 compared with Karp, including CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, IL6, IL1RL1, and IL18R1. The mRNA levels of surface adhesion molecules associated with activation of the endothelium, VCAM1 and ICAM1, were also upregulated in UT176-infected cells compared with Karp (Supplementary Data 7 and 8).