Curcumin (from Curcuma plants) has a strong anti-inflammatory ability in otitis media caused by NTHi infection, and it can inhibit the NTHi-mediated upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5) expression by activating the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase kinase-β (IKKβ)-inhibitor kappa B (IκBα) and p38 MAPK pathways [74]. Here, CXCL5 is linked to otitis media.