VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: The presence of endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia has been well established (34), which was confirmed in our cohort by increased expressions of the endothelial dysfunction markers, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 (Fig. 2D; VCAM-1: P < 0.01; ICAM-1: P ˂ 0.001; n = 3).